Environmental Laws Essay Example for Free

Environmental Laws Essay The constant North South divide over enforcement of international environmental law plagues the operationalisation of many international treaties. Most developing countries are caught in a cleft stick. Whilst understanding the need for environmental action, they also require increasing industrial activity for achieving economic growth and poverty alleviation objectives, activities that entail definite enhancements in greenhouse emission. They are additionally constrained by their lack of resources and do not wish to divert what is available from developmental needs. Many developing countries also suffer from lack of necessary infrastructure and underdeveloped legal and judicial systems to be able to carry out treaty obligations in an organised and systemic manner. (Bell Russell, 2002) Whilst many international agreements are worded to ensure their legal binding on signatory nations, these treaties do not become enforceable within a country until their enactment into domestic law is complete. Australia, for example, has signed on the Montreal Protocol and the World Heritage Convention and carried out appropriate domestic legislation. Apart from taking these legislative measures, the nation has enacted several laws for environmental regulation. (Lyster, 2004) The Environment protection and Biodiversity Act, 1999, is a key legislation that gives effect to the country’s international law obligations. Numerous other enactments like the amended Fisheries Management Act, 1991, The Maritime Legislation Amendment (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act, 2006, the Protection of the Sea (Harmful Anti-fouling Systems) Act 2006 also work towards enhancing environmental protection and bringing the domestic legal system in line with its international treaty obligations. (Australian Legal Information Institute, 2007) Domestic enactment of new laws, (as well as amendment of existing laws) is necessary because it makes the country’s commitment towards international environmental laws concrete and their provisions enforceable. In the absence of specific domestic legislation little action can be taken against environmental offenders and controlling environmental degradation becomes well nigh impossible. Compared to the Australian approach, which involves legal enactment and resolute enforcement of international law obligations, the actions adopted by a developing country like Bangladesh appear to be significantly inadequate. The country, (which became independent only in 1971), drafted a broad ranging environmental policy in 1991 but is still to enact any of its major features into law even though sixteen years have passed since. Factors like internal strife, lack of developed legal systems, and scarce resources, have prevented the country from moving forward on environmental action. Whilst economies like India and South Africa have been able to make significant progress on the environmental front, many developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America share Bangladesh’s problems and are thus unable or unwilling to abide by international environmental law obligations. (Mastny French, 2002) 3. Conclusion The inherent weaknesses in rules of international diplomacy render many environmental treaties practically pointless. Seeing the abject non implementation of most environmental treaties by developing nations, international organisations are seeking new ways to toughen these agreements. While most such laws impose few penalties, peer pressure is emerging as a potent tool for this purpose. Some treaties also ask nations to report on the progress of promises made at the time of agreement. Beyond persuasion and embarrassment, trade incentives also help in securing compliance. Members of the Montreal Protocol, for example, are forbidden to purchase CFCs or products containing them from nations that have not agreed to the treaty, a condition that has led many nations to join the treaty and take action to reduce ozone depletion. (Bell Russell, 2002) International agencies, sympathetic nations and NGOs can encourage soft laws through funding decisions and public campaigns. Soft laws tend to establish certain expectations-or create an international mindset-that can then form the basis for more permanent agreements. A large part of the inability of developing nations to act on accord occurs because of their poverty and constrained resources. Redressing this imbalance will depend largely on providing financial and technical assistance to developing nations-and ensuring that funds are well spent. References ASEAN Ministers Okay Agreement on Environmental Laws. (2006, November 12). Manila Bulletin, p. NA. Australian Legal Information Institute, 2007, Retrieved September 25, 2007 from www. austlii. edu. au Barrett, S. (2005). Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

A Comparison of Honor in Beowulf and Parzival :: comparison compare contrast essays

Honor in Beowulf and Parzival  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout literary history authors have created and restored figures from all times that seem to represent what is honorable and chivalrous. The two literary legends compared in this paper are Beowulf and Parzival. These two figures in their own way find within them what is virtuous. At first impression it seems as though Beowulf is the warrior who contains the honor within himself, but as the two characters are compared in depth, it becomes obvious that Parzival's journey through manhood brings him to a much more noble and honorable place. Beowulf and Parzival's journey's began on the same path, each fatherless, they strove to search out what they saw as adventure. They jumped to whet their desires for the unknown and the chance to be a hero. A young Beowulf, we learn, challenges a peer to a match of strength. Unferth tells this tale of "when for pride the pair of [them] proved the seas and for a trite boast entrusted [their] lives to the deep waters, undissuadable by effort of friend or foe whatsoever from that swimming on the sea,"(Beowulf,65). Beowulf's stubborn pride lead him even at a young age to challenge what may have seemed beyond his reach for glory. Later on, Beowulf hearing the horrific tales of the monster Grendel that had been reeking havoc at Heorot, abruptly left his homeland to prove his gallantry. "The wiser sought to dissuade him from voyaging hardly or not at all," but the strong-headed Beowulf refused to listen to reason. Unlike Beowulf, Parzival was actually hidden from all opportunities of adventure by his mother. She fled to a place where she believed she could escape all traces of knighthood, which she believed to be evil. She was not successful though, and as soon as Parzival laid his eyes on the god-like knight, he made up his mind to leave his mother and all that he knew to seek adventure. The absence of her son drove her to an early grave. This action is one that Parzival was later deemed "unhonorable" for and one he deeply regretted. These boys both started out young and refused to listen to the reason of their elders. Against the wishes of the people who were wiser and more experienced, they let their pride and ambition overtake them. This did not show to be a promising beginning for either of them.

Agora Swot Anlysis Competitive Advantage

Agora the brand name of Rahimafrooz Group is the first super shop chain in our country launched in 2000. The mission was to fulfill the everyday shopping needs of the urban peoples through fair price, right assortment, and best quality. The success was immediate as there was a demand for such business in the local market. And over time the number of outlets increased and currently there are nine outlets at Dhaka and one outlet in Chittagong. Many people thought that the name of the company is Agora. But actually, Agora is just the brand name. Agora is a Greek word, which means a marketplace where the people would meet together and talk. Company thought the environment at Agora should be nice and clean so that people will not only shop there but also want to stay and meet with other peoples there. And so they named the shops Agora. Their logo has a very interesting appeal and it contains the benefits being offered to the customers. The name is written in green color which is the color of freshness. A woman presumably a homemaker has happily finished all her shopping from under one roof is seen too. The statement says everyday quality shopping. It is very well thought out and gives a summary of what Agora is all about. SWOT Analysis of Agora: A SWOT analysis of Rahimafrooz Superstores Limited will show the internal and external factors. Some of these factors affect positively while some of them effects negatively. Important decisions can be taken after SWOT analysis. Strengths: 1. Established brand name. 2. Pioneer in the industry. 3. Concerned about quality factor than other super shop (Competitive advantage). 4. It is the largest retailer, both by local sales and by domestic market share. 5. Experienced top level management. 6. Wide product range. 7. Quicker and accurate costing process. 8. Effective and reliable supply chain. 9. Successful implementation of SAP (Standard Application Software) ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) the modules are: Financial and Controlling, Material Management and Selling and Distribution. 10. Effective training modules for employees, suppliers. 11. Agora is committed to sustaining and growing as the most trusted, loved and frequented retail chain 12. Agora believes in providing very good service to its consumers. 13. The technological development is very frequent. Weaknesses: 1. High price of products. 2. Poor financial position. 3. Less number of shops. 4. No or very less advertising. 5. Lower amount of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities. 6. In the mid-2000 Agora faced many cost problems associated with not properly integrating it’s purchased chains of store. 7. Still lack of competitive strength. Mainly in placement. 8. Supply and distribution of foreign products are very poor and so people can’t get unique foreign products in Agora but can be found in other mega shops like Meena Bazar, Lavender etc. 9. Customer Service technology is less attractive . 10. Market development in other cities is relatively poor as only Chittagong has Agora outlet. 11. Poor reliability of data, and plan predictability. 12. Counter management system relatively poorer than competitors. 13. Sometimes they gave offer to capture the General Customer bt they cant do that for their Bad system or service. 14. Struggles with preparing budget which was not very effective and management wants budget that would give better results. Opportunities: 1. Providing sponsorship to emerging agricultural business. Ex: strawberry was grown in Panchagar and Agora took all the responsibility for sales and it made a profit. . The largest retailer in Dhaka leaving behind PQS, Meena Bazar, Nandan Mega Shop, Pacific, Pick and Pay, Etc, Shop & Save, Lavender and others. 3. They created a life style trends by offering various types of products to its customers while maintaining high quality. 4. Big growth in developing market with nine outlets in Dhaka and one in Chittagong 5. New USP (Unique Selling Process) is the care for the quality has given Agora a big competitive advantage. 6. Agora conducts research and modifies their strategy according to the actions of competitors. 7. Agora provides product and service according to the seasonal, weather and fashion influences. For example, they provide chemical less fruits packages for summer season, provides instant made hygienic â€Å"Pitha† in winter and also provides CP chicken inside Agora as it’s been a trend now a days. 8. Recently bought PQS, one of its competitors to capture the customers those are interested to buy products from their nearest place. 9. Agora now comes together with bKash with a state-of-the-art payment platform that allows transactions via mobile phones, such that customers will not need cash or credit cards for payment at Agora points of sales. 0. Agora constantly launches attractive promotions like Bazimat, Value Week or Super Value Offer or Diamond Ring Offer. And a regular discount and points system attracts the customers to be more loyal. 11. With the SAP software system, there would be the capacity to enter newer products in the system. This would enable Rahimafrooz S uperstores to increase their product line, which they have wanted to do for a long time, because they were losing customers to their competitors and other big shops. Threats: 1. Fierce and unhealthy competition. 2. Threat of new competitors. 3. Surprisingly some popular local products and new products to arrive in the market, both foreign and local were not available. 4. Political instability in the country (continuous hartals). 5. In the recent years Agora had to be careful about delivering formalin free fresh food from the suppliers. 6. Many online stores are now entering the market. 7. As agora is primarily concentrated on food, it can be easily effected by the seasons and weather within the country. 8. Is faced with the need to increase the number of outlets throughout the country. 9. Agora must integrate more products according to the needs of its increasing number of onsumers keeping in mind their changes of lifestyle and preferences. 10. The competitors have responded to wide range of products and lower price. 11. Counters are not sufficient in shops so huge line occurs in the pick hours. 12. Some competitors are now in the market with more advanced Information Technology. 13. Agora can’t fulfill the demand of foreign and unique vegetables for the customers. 14. No home delivery system for loyal customers. Competitive Advantage: The relationship between a firm's environmental opportunities and threats on the one hand, and its internal strengths and weaknesses on the other is the competitive advantage. This traditional logic suggests that if Agora use their internal strengths in exploiting environmental opportunities and neutralizing environmental threats, while avoiding internal weaknesses, are more likely to gain competitive advantages than other kinds of firms. Agora super shop has one main competitive advantage. It is explained bellow: Agora was the first ever chain shop in the country which seceded in changing the people’s behavior towards the traditional shopping experience. Being the pioneer in its field, it has the trust and loyalty of its early consumers. It also has more experience in the field than its competitors. It has a strong brand image and therefore can charge higher price from the consumers in exchange of better quality products and better shopping environment. Agora on the other hand is constantly advocating about quality. The subtitle for Agora is â€Å"Enriching Lives with Your Trust†. The reason for asking a little higher price from the customer is the quality factor, which they are so concerned about. We think this care for the quality has given Agora a big competitive advantage. This is somewhat a unique selling approach taken by Agora. Bibliography: 1. SAP AG: To manage business operations and customer relations. Retrieved from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/SAP_AG 2. About Rahimafrooz: aspirations, vision, values, quality policy. Retrieved from: http://www. rahimafrooz. com/tabid/65/Default. aspx 3. Agora – Supermarket Chain & Superstore in Bangladesh. Retrieved from: http://www. reportbd. com/articles/149/1/Agora—Supermarket-Chain-amp-Superstore-in-Bangladesh/Page1. html 4. A report of agora. bd Rahimafrooz Superstores Ltd. Retrieved from: http://bdmoneyidea. wordpress. com/2010/08/04/a-report-of-agora-bd-rahimafrooz-superstores-ltd-created-by-bubt-student-part-01/ 5. Agora BD super shop. Retrieved from: Online Dhaka Guide : http://www. online-dhaka. com/1_8_17507_0-agora-bd-super-shop-dhaka-city. html 6. Competitive Advantage. Retrieved from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Competitive_advantage 7. Agora- A new way to shop. Retrieved from: Bangladesh Inside, http://bdinside. net/? p=50 8. Agora-Facebook. Retrieved from: https://www. facebook. com/Agora. Rahimafrooz 9. Rahimaafrooz Superstores. Retrieved from: http://www. rahimafrooz. com/OurBusinesses/Companies/RahimafroozSuperstoresLtd/tabid/112/Default. aspx

Models of Memory - 2270 Words

Outline and Evaluate Models of Memory. (12 Marks) There are roughly four models of memory in total, but two stand out and are used in this particular specification. Atkinson and Schifrin’s (1968) â€Å"Multi-Store Model† is one of them. Their model suggests that the memory consists of three stores, a sensory store, a short-term store and a long-term store; all three have a specific and relatively inflexible function. It stressed that information for our environment such as the visual or auditory and haptic (by touch) initially goes into the sensory memory or empirical register. However, it has very limited capacity, and its duration is very brief, so if we do not notice this much we would forget it, but if we pay attention to it or think†¦show more content†¦If we then decide to remember the information, it would then go back to the short-term memory where it would be rehearsed. In the Long-term memory, information is encoded as declarative semantic or episodic according to Tulvig. It is also encoded as semantic memory as stated by Baddeley. The only problem with this is that the test lacks ecological validity as it was carried out in a laboratory, and that the study could be criticized in terms of demand characteristics where the people involved could have already known what results they were aiming for, in which case the results would be biased. There was also experimenter bias, as the person involved already knew what he was aiming for and didn’t allow for natural course of events. Also the group was not a representative of all the undergraduates tested. On a Positive note, the study has good reliability as the group was partially quite big. This study has been supported by several theories and psychologists as well as statements. The primacy effect supports this study, as it stresses that through research those who had to recall a list of items, recalled the first ones and last ones better than those through the middle as earlier items were rehearsed better and transferred to the Lon-term memory whilst later ones were in the short-term memory. As it also suggests, rehearsal was prevented by an interference task, meaning that theShow MoreRelatedThe Multi Store Model And The Working Memory Model1278 Words   |  6 PagesMemory is our ability to encode, store,retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain (Luke Mastin,2010). In this review I am going to focus on the multi store model and the working memory model, which explain in detail how memory works. The multi-store model (MSM) of memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968), explains that the memory is made up of three different stores.These are: sensory memory (SM), short term memory(STM) and long term memory(LTM). This modelRead MoreEssay about Mulit-Store Model of Memory vs. Working Memory Model1101 Words   |  5 Pagescontrast the multi-store model of memory with the working memory model. This essay will firstly briefly describe the theories and important facts about the original multi-store model of memory (MSM) and the working memory model (WMM). This essay will then evaluate the key studies within these two models and explain the strengths and weaknesses of the main theories. The final part of this essay will be to examine the similarities and differences between the two models. The first issue that needsRead MoreWorking Memory Model Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesthe multi-store model for being a very simplistic view of memory. They saw short term memory as a store that had many individual sections inside it. This was supported by patient KF who had epilepsy, the doctor wanted to try and remedy this by removing his hippocampus. 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According to Baddeley (1999), memory is not an actual organ as the heart, the kidneys, or the liver; instead, it consists of a network in which many systems work together, allowing us to be capable of rememberingRead MoreEssay on Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model1140 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model fai led to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by AtkinsonRead MoreThe Multi Store Model Of Memory And Research Into Eyewitness Testimony1065 Words   |  5 PagesDiscuss how memory can be explained with reference to models of memory and research into Eyewitness Testimony. Introduction The investigation into memory - how we encode, store and retrieve data - made great advances in the 20th century. Along with biological influences memories define who we are, without them our individuality would be lost. This essay will scrutinize the multi-store model of memory and working model of memory to determine their legitimacy. Each model will be examined on its meritsRead MoreThe Working Memory Model Was Proposed By Baddeley And Hitch2547 Words   |  11 PagesWorking Memory The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. 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